A Brief History of Cuba - 1225 Words

In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on what is now Bariay, Holguin province. He claimed this piece of land for Spain and originally named it Isla Juana after the Prince of Asturias, Juan. In the mid-16th century an outbreak of measles wiped out two-thirds of the natives, which most of them had survived the outbreak of smallpox previously. In the 19th century Cuba’s people were slaves, outraged slaves began to rebel with the intention to win independence from the Spanish. In April of 1898 Spain and Cuba went to war with Americas involvement which resulted in the Treaty of Paris in August of 1898 where Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba, and Guam. On May 20, 1902 The United States of America allowed Cuba to gain its independence. The newly written constitution stated that the United States retained the right to intervene in Cuba’s affairs. In 1933 the Sergeants’ revolt occurred. Leader of the revolt, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista overthrew Cespedes. After C espedes was overthrown Ramon Grau San Martin was named as provisional president, but in 1934 he resigned leaving Batista the presidency. Eventually Cuban natives were unsatisfied with the way Batista ran the country; exiled in 1959 Batista fled to Portugal. Eventually Fidel Castro took over and converted the country to communism, which led Cuba into the best and the worst of times. After Batista was exiled to Portugal, Fidel Castro took over. The United States retained the right to intervene in their affairs andShow MoreRelatedA Very Brief History of Cuba2147 Words   |  9 Pages Countries that were once colonies went through various stages of evolution in order to develop economically, politically, and culturally while gaining independence. Cuba, a former colony of Spain, has changed drastically throughout the years. Although in some cases, colonialism has had a positive effect on the country in the area regarding education and health care and on the other hand, has created an ec onomic gap between the citizens. The government, social structure, and economy in the countryRead MoreThe Reasons Why Cuban Government Permits Non Cuban Workers From The United States And Other Nations1619 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion people, pint sized Cuba has made their mark in global politics. They’ve managed to showcase a genuine socialist revolution and have incessantly fought, defended and extended it in spite of ruthless embargos and sanctions from the United States and other nations. Introduction This is a brief examination into Cuba’s historical progression and their constant political struggles with the government, the people of Cuba, and other countries. This research will explore Cuba and the global challengesRead MoreThe Cuban Government And Schooling1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States had a brief reign over Cuba from 1898 and 1902 after Cuba attained independence from Spain and fell under U.S. control. Education in Cuba Many people and organizations, such as the World Bank, have praised the education system in Cuba, which claimed it is the best education system in Latin America and the Caribbean. The system is driven by high literacy rates, strong teacher and student performance, and its availability to all citizens of Cuba (Gasperini, 2000). Read MoreCase Brief Memorandum Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pageskaplan university- pa401 advanced legal writing | Case Brief Draft | Unit 3 Assignment | | Vicky Hunter | 1/21/2013 | | memorandum to: victoria corbo, esq. from: vICKY hUNTER- pARALEGAL Subject: Case Brief date: 3/2/2013 ------------------------------------------------- CC: Tony T. Smith Gonzalez v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 2000) Procedural History: Plaintiff, Elian Gonzalez, a six year old minor, through his â€Å"next of friend†, Lazaro Gonzalez, filed an asylumRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 Pageshowever the following periods after this war between the greatest powers in the world are also of great significance. The analysis of those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or another influenced each other. After the World War II, the world was divided, and two superpowers emerged and commenced the impulseRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1410 Words   |  6 PagesEventually, in 1960 Castro led Cuba into an economic deal with the Soviet Union (or USSR), as a result of this American and Cuban relations were completely cut off (Dobbs 12-18). A year later President John F. Kennedy was elected with hopes to be stricter against communist countries like Cuba. Meanwhile, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev had made a deal with Castro to supply weapons to form a Cuban Army. In an attempt to overthrow Castro, Kennedy launched an invasion against Cuba using only Cuban exilesRead MoreFidel Castro s Impact On The Cuban Revolution1678 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution. Based on these two sources, it can be conducted that Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara made an immense impact on the Cuban Revolution, compared to the other revolutionaries. Source 1: History Will Absolve Me by Fidel Castro In 1953, Fidel Castro made his famous four-hour speech â€Å"History Will Absolve Me† in La Habana, Cuba,where he was given 15 years of jail-time due to his failed attack on Batista. In Castro’s speech, he proclaimed that it was only the beginning, he also described his intended goalsRead MoreCuba And The Cold War1194 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame. Cuba is a world-renowned oppressive regime under the rule of the Castro family. They dismissed democratic ideology and the free market system, which had been proven successful in other countries. On the opposite side, countries such as Australia provide their citizens with the natural rights they are entitled to. They are a surging capitalist country that has been reaping off the benefits of the open market and private ownership. The main distinction between the two countries of Cuba and AustraliaRead More Rough Riders Essay825 Words   |  4 Pagesunits fighting in Cuba during the Spanish, American war. The Spanish, American war started by America wanting to expand their influence in the western hemisphere. To do that they would need to gain action politically or militarily in Cuba (a Spanish ruled country). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first battle of the war was The Battle of Manilla. Which was a naval strike on the Manila harbor. Led by Commander George Dewey, the Navy won the most glorious victory in the history of the Navy. HoweverRead MoreThe Guantanamo Bay Detention Center1262 Words   |  6 PagesOn a hot summer day in July, I’ve flown all the way to Cuba not for the sights, but I’ve been given the opportunity to interview one of the contributors behind the terrorist plot that struck the nation back in 2001. The plot I’m referring to the was the infamous â€Å"9/11† attack which struck so many Americans at their very core as this was the largest known terrorist plot to ever hit the United States. On that frightful day, there were approximately 3,000 people who perished on September 11 and another

Essay about Public Schools Need Successful ESL Programs

Because America is such a diverse country, public schools are faced with the challenge of providing students from all over the world with a quality education. As Chen points out â€Å"public schools have embraced the linguistic challenge presented by immigrant students† ( ¶1). Then, No Child Left Behind law was approved, and it required every public school should have an English Secondary Language (ESL) program that will provide the â€Å"academic support† for English Language Learners (ELLs). ELL parents are happy that their children are getting education help from the school, but it has raised the question of how successful are the ESL programs? Do ESL programs provide enough â€Å"academic support† to all ELL students? Do ESL programs have enough tools†¦show more content†¦The English proficiency test was designed to test the ELL students’ levels on reading, writing, and speaking. Because some proficiency test scores were so low in some distr icts, the U.S. Education Department Office determined to find out if ELL students were receiving an education equal to other students who are fluent in English. Due to the economic recession, some public schools have to reduce the cost of the ESL programs. In order to reduce the cost, Chen reports â€Å"some schools and states have created mandatory full inclusion programs, where ESL students are immersed in a regular paced English class, with students who are fluent in English† ( ¶3). This full inclusion program can have disadvantages and advantages to ESL students and fluent students. If ESL students were in the full inclusion program, then they were â€Å"in an atmosphere for learning†, but a lot of parents and educators argued that this program is â€Å"ineffective† for both ESL and fluent students. If ESL students were in the class with fluent students, then the teacher had to slow down â€Å"the pace of instruction†, which would benefit ESL students but not the fluent students. So, it is important that ESL students are in an ESL program to learn the language, even though it might take years to learn the la nguage. Because learning a language takes time, public schools need a good ESLShow MoreRelatedNew York Schools Struggle With New Rules Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle, New York Schools Struggle With New Rules to Help Students Learning English, by Elizabeth A. Harris from the New York Times, documents the current struggle of New York state public school ESL programs to fully accommodate the immigrant students’ needs. Overall, the ESL program is not effective in helping second language students catch up in subjects taught in English. In addition, the supply and demand is heavily unbalanced. More immigrant students are enrolling in public schools yet there isRead MoreEsl Teaching Education For Esl Teachers Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 23, 2015 ESL Teaching Education Researchers say that by 2025 that non-speaking English population will increase, making a demand for more ESL teachers. In all states there should be ESL teachers due to the fact that most students don’t know English. My paper will be about the goals the ESL teachers have outlook, requirements, and the salary. When ESL students come to the U.S it’s so that they can learn how to read, write, and speak the English language. The goal for the ESL teachers is preparingRead MoreCareer As An English As A Second Language Teacher?1702 Words   |  7 PagesPROFESSIONAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO PURSUE A CAREER AS AN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHER? ESL  is a common abbreviation used in schools and it stands for English as a Second Language. Schools will often use the term  ESL  when describing the programs that educate students who are not native English speakers and for describing the ESL  students themselves. ESL is a career path that is taken to educate students who are not native English speakers which means instructions areRead More Benefits of ESL and Bilingual Education Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pages In order to help those non-native people to be successful in the United Sates, there should have some kind of programs to help them to learn English effectively, but also to maintain their native language. Bilingual Education and ESL programs are systems that developed since the mid 1900s in the United States to reach the goal of helping non-native people with the language. There has been the argument of whether these programs are effective and necessary to maintain to help the non-nativeRead MoreAssignment 1 Public Administration Th Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment #1 Public Administration- the Good, The Bad, The ugly William T. Thompson Prof. Neely PAD 500 Modern public Administration: Managing Public and nonprofit Organizations To understand how to solve a problem, we must first understand whatRead MoreBilingual Education For American Schools Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesBilingual Education in American Schools A 12-year-old boy living in a small farming village outside of Matamoras, Mexico comes home one day from school and is informed by his parents that the family is moving to Texas to stay with his aunt and uncle. The entire family packed up their belongings and caught a bus from Matamoras bound for a small-town north of Houston, Texas. As he looks out the window, he wonders about this completely different world he has stepped into. At one gas-station stop onRead MoreThe Trio Program997 Words   |  4 PagesWay to The Trio Program The Trio program is a program that is funded by Elgin Community College. Provides opportunities for academic development, help students with basic college requirements, and motivate students toward the successful completion of their postsecondary education. In the trio program a faculty member accepted to be interviewed the member was a manager for the Student Support Services their name was Steve Aguilar. Going deeper into what the trio is and what the program can do for studentsRead MoreReading Instruction For English Language Learners1012 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Disability Quarterly, 2007 30:153, pp 153-168. doi: 10.2307/30035561. A statement of the problem The percentage of public elementary and secondary school students in the United States who were identified as English language learners (ELL) in the 1999-2000 school year was 6.7% of the total school population (U.S. Department of Education, 2000). Increases in the ELL school population is due to growth in the Hispanic subpopulation. As a group, Hispanic students traditionally perform poorly onRead MoreThe Extent to Which Teachers Help Their EC Students in Regular Classroom Settings1647 Words   |  7 Pagesaddressing the ESL students. Literacy Before children learn to use language to let their needs and wants be known they first learn to read, how can a child communicate without the resources they need to express themselves before they have the skills needed to do so? Studies show how to overcome one challenging situation but there are people in the world who are faced with two adversities in life. Literacy in today’s society is more demanding than it was in the past. Literacy instruction needs to improveRead MoreDiscuss Why The Lau (1974) And Castaà ±eda (1981) Decisions1715 Words   |  7 PagesWhat kinds of programs were created? Describe a few of them. Roy Castaneda, a father of two Mexican-American students sued Raymondville ISD (Castaneda vs. Raymondville ISD) on the basis that his children were discriminated against because of their ethnicity and argued that his children were being segregated in the classroom because the school did not provide sufficient bilingual programs that would allow his children to overcome the language barriers that they experienced at school, which prevented

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Ten Free Essays

The pub where Elena and Damon ended up was lively and ful of people, but of course Damon made sure they didn’t have to wait for a table. He lounged across one side of the booth, looking as arrogant and relaxed as a big gorgeous cat, and listened peaceably as Elena talked. Elena found herself gaily chatting away, fil ing him in on al the minutia of her campus life so far, from finding out that Professor Campbel knew her parents to the personalities of the other students she’d met in her classes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Ten or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"The elevator was real y crowded, and slow, and my lab partner’s back was against the buttons. Somehow she accidental y pushed the alarm button, and the alarm started going off.† Elena took a sip of her soda. â€Å"Suddenly, a voice came out of nowhere and asked, ‘Do you have an emergency?’ And she said, ‘No, it was an accident,’ and the voice said, ‘What? I can’t hear you.’ It went on like that, back and forth, until she started shouting ‘Accident! Accident!'† Damon stopped tracing patterns in the condensation on his glass with one finger and glanced up at her through his lashes, his lips twitching into a smile. â€Å"When the doors opened on the ground floor, there were four security men standing there with a medical kit,† Elena finished. â€Å"We didn’t know what to do, so we just walked past them. When we got out of the building, we started to run. It was so embarrassing, but we couldn’t stop laughing.† Damon let his slight smile expand into a grin – not his usual cool twist of the lips or his brief, bril iant, and enigmatic there-then-gone smile, but an honest-to-God cheek-puffing, eye-squinching grin. â€Å"I like you like this,† he said suddenly. â€Å"Like what?† Elena asked. â€Å"Relaxed, I suppose. Ever since we met, you’ve been in the middle of some crisis or another.† He raised his hand and brushed a curl away from her face, gently touching her cheek. Elena was vaguely aware of the waiter standing by the booth, waiting for them to look up, as she answered with just a touch of flirtation, â€Å"Oh, and I suppose you had nothing to do with that?† â€Å"I wouldn’t say I am the one who’s been most to blame, no,† Damon said cool y, his grin fading. He looked up, his eyes sharp and knowing. â€Å"Hel o, Stefan.† Elena froze in surprise. Not the waiter, then. Stefan. One look at him, and she winced, her stomach dropping. His face could have been carved from stone. He was looking at Damon’s hand, stil stretched across the table toward Elena. â€Å"Hey,† she said tentatively. â€Å"How was your study group?† Stefan stared at her. â€Å"Elena, I’ve been looking everywhere for you. Why didn’t you answer your phone?† Pul ing out her phone, Elena saw that there were several messages and texts from Stefan. â€Å"Oh, no, I’m so sorry,† she said. â€Å"I didn’t hear it ring.† â€Å"We were supposed to meet,† Stefan said stiffly. â€Å"I came to your room and you were just gone. Elena, people have been disappearing al over campus.† He had been scared, afraid that something terrible had happened to her. His eyes were stil anxious. She started to reach out to comfort him. The fact that she’d lost the Power she’d had so briefly was hard for Stefan to accept, she knew. He thought her mortality made her fragile, and he was afraid he’d lose her. She should have thought it through, should have left him more of a message than a quick text saying she would return soon. Before she could touch him, Stefan’s gaze turned to Damon. â€Å"What’s going on?† he asked his brother, his voice ful of frustration. â€Å"Is this why you fol owed us to col ege? To zero in on Elena?† The look of hurt that crossed Damon’s face was only a subtle shadow and was gone so quickly that Elena wasn’t entirely sure she had actual y seen it. His features settled into an expression of lazy disdain, and Elena tensed. The peace between the brothers was so fragile – she knew that – and yet she had let Damon flirt with her. She’d been so stupid. â€Å"Someone should be keeping her safe, Stefan,† Damon drawled. â€Å"You’re too busy playing human again, aren’t you? Study groups.† He lifted an eyebrow scornful y. â€Å"I’m surprised you’ve even noticed that there’s something going on around this campus. Would you rather have Elena alone and in danger than have her spending time with me?† Tense lines were forming around Stefan’s mouth. â€Å"You’re saying you don’t have an ulterior motive here?† he asked. Damon waved a hand disparagingly. â€Å"You know what I feel for Elena. Elena knows what I feel for Elena. Even that sports-loving Mutt of yours knows how things are between us. But the problem isn’t me, little brother – it’s you and your jealousy. Your wanting to be an ‘ordinary human'† – Damon made quote marks with his fingers – â€Å"and stil carry on with Elena, who is hardly ordinary. You want to have your cake and eat it, too. I haven’t done anything wrong. Elena wouldn’t have come with me if she didn’t want to.† Elena winced again. Was this the way it was always going to be? Was any minor misstep on her part going to set Damon and Stefan at each other’s throats? â€Å"Stefan†¦ Damon,† she implored, but they ignored her. They were glaring at each other. Stefan stepped closer, flexing his fists, and Damon clenched his jaw, silently daring Stefan to make a move. For the first time, Elena saw a resemblance between them. â€Å"I can’t do this,† she said. Her voice sounded smal and soft to her own ears, but both Salvatore brothers heard her and whipped their heads toward her with inhuman speed. â€Å"I can’t do this,† she said again, louder and more firmly this time. â€Å"I can’t be Katherine.† Damon scowled. â€Å"Katherine? Believe me, darling, nobody here wants you to be Katherine.† Stefan, his face softening, said, â€Å"Elena, sweetheart – † Elena interrupted him. â€Å"Listen to me.† She wiped her eyes. â€Å"I’ve been walking on eggshel s, trying to keep this – this thing between the three of us from tearing us apart. If anything good has come out of al the stuff that’s happened, it’s that you found each other, you started being brothers again. I can’t – † She took a deep breath and tried to find a sensible matter-of-fact voice somewhere inside herself. â€Å"I think we should take a break,† she said flatly. â€Å"Stefan, I love you so much. You’re my soul mate, you’re it for me. You know that.† She looked up at him pleadingly, silently begging him to understand. Then her eyes moved past him to Damon, who was staring at her with a furrowed brow. â€Å"And Damon, you’re part of me now. I †¦ feel for you.† She looked back and forth between them, her hands clutching each other. â€Å"I can’t lose either of you. But I need to figure out who I am now, after everything that’s happened, and I need to do it without worrying about destroying the relationship between you. And you need to figure out how you can be friends with each other, even if I’m in both of your lives.† Damon let out a skeptical noise, but Elena kept talking. â€Å"I’l understand† – she gulped – â€Å"if you can’t wait for me. But I wil always, always love you. Both of you. In different ways. But for now, I just can’t be with you. Either of you.† She was tearing up again, and her hands shook as she wiped her eyes. Damon leaned across the table, a smal twisted smile hovering on his lips. â€Å"Elena, did you just break up with both of us?† The tears dried up instantly. â€Å"Damon, I never dated you,† she said angrily. â€Å"I know,† he replied, and shrugged. â€Å"But I’ve definitely just been dumped.† He glanced at Stefan, then quickly away, his expression closed off. Stefan looked devastated. For a moment, his face was so bleak that it wasn’t hard to believe he was more than five hundred years old. â€Å"Whatever you want, Elena,† he said. He started to reach for her, then pul ed his own hand back to his side. â€Å"No matter what, I wil always love you. My feelings aren’t going to change. Take whatever time you need.† â€Å"Okay,† Elena said. She stood up shakily. She felt like she was going to be sick. Half of her wanted to pul Stefan to her, kiss him until that broken expression on his face went away. But Damon was watching her, his own face inscrutable, and touching either of them felt †¦ wrong. â€Å"I need to be by myself for a while,† she told them. At any other time, she knew, both of them would have objected to the idea of her walking the campus alone. They would have argued, fol owed her if she wouldn’t walk with them – anything to keep her safely under their protection. Now, though, Stefan moved aside to let her out of the booth, his head bowed. Damon sat very stil and watched her go, his eyes hooded. Elena didn’t look back at them as she crossed to the door of the pub. Her hands were shaking, and her eyes were brimming with tears once more. But she also felt as if she’d carried something very heavy for a while and had final y been able to put it down. This might be the best choice I’ve made in a long, long time, she thought. Dear Diary, Every time I remember the look on Stefan’s face when I told him I needed space, my chest aches. It’s like I can’t breathe. I never wanted to hurt Stefan. Never. How could I? We’re so close, so wrapped up in each other that he’s like a piece of my soul – without him, I’m not complete. But†¦ I love Damon, too. He’s my friend – my dark mirror image – the clever, plotting one who will do whatever it takes to get what he wants, but who has a kindness deep inside him that not everybody sees. I can’t imagine living without Damon, either. Stefan wants to hold on to me so tightly. He cares for his brother – he does – and Damon cares for him, too, and having me between them is messing that up. All three of us have been held so closely together by the crises we’ve had to deal with recently – my death and rebirth, Klaus’s attack, Damon’s return from the edge of death, the phantom’s attack – that every move we’ve made, every thought we’ve had, has been wrapped up with the other two. We can’t go on like this. I know I’ve done the right thing. Without me between them, they can become brothers again. And then I can sort out the tangled threads of my relationships with both of them without having to worry that any move I make will snap the tenuous bond between us. It’s the right decision. But still, I feel like I’m dying a slow death. How can I live for even a little while without Stefan? All I can do is try to be strong. If I just keep going, I’ll get through this time. And in the end, everything will be wonderful. It has to be. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Ten, Essay examples

Digital Image Processing using Computer Algorithms

Question: Discuss how the digital image processing uses computer algorithms to carry out image processing tasks on digital image files? Answer: Introduction Digital image processing uses computer algorithms to carry out image processing tasks on digital image files. This is more related to the domain of digital signal processing. Compared to analog image processing, there are various advantages of digital image processing and it has wide range of application in various domains. Digital image processing can be used to find out noise and distortions in digital images. An image can have two or more dimensions. Digital processing can be also extended to multi-dimensional models. (Burger Burge, 2009), (Jhne, 2005). Large building, civil infrastructures like pipelines are prone to damages over time. Digital image processing can be used to find such damages in a faster and effective way. It will help state agencies to monitor their assets and take decision about managing those assets. Thus this is an application of digital image processing in civil engineering domain. The applications of digital image processing is more focused on areas like inspection on underground pipelines, conditions of pavements on roads etc. (Zheng, Kong, Nahavandi, 2002) In the next sections of this report, there will be discussion on design specification and approach taken in designing a model for detecting defects on metal surfaces and rusts. Design Specification Any automated defect recognition method based on digital image processing will have some common stages. Those stages are, Acquisition of image Processing of image Analysis of data. Acquisition of image In this stage, images of the objects are acquired. Automated defect recognition system based on digital processing are mainly used by bridges and other civil constructions, on such constructions a common damage is rust, breaks etc. Digital image processing helps in detecting these damages. Digital images of the damages are acquired. These pictures are taken manually and retaining quality and visibility of the parts, color, quoting etc. of the bridges. After taking the images, data sets are created from those images. These data sets will be used in later part of the process and in data analysis. These sets are further tested and broken down into two groups consisting of defective and non-defectives images. Images of the bridge parts having no rust are kept in the non-defective images group. Images with small to medium levels of rusts are kept into defective group.(Lee, 2010) Processing of image In this stage, the color images are transformed into greyscale images. There are three primary colors in a color image. The primary colors are red, green and blue. Any color can be developed from different combinations and quantity of these three primary colors. There are total 224 possible colors that can be developed by mixing these colors and under 256(28) color shades. Images represented by grey scale will be represented by 8 bits only (Xie, 2007). Based on the lights intensity a value will be assigned to each of the light intensity representation ranging from 0 to 255. Each pixel will have any of these 256 values. 0 represents black and 1 represents white. All other values represents some variations of grey between black and white. It will help to reduce the size of images significantly. Thus the computational efficiency while working with the images will be improved. Now, a defect image will be compared to another defect and non-defect images. The level of similarity and dissim ilarity between the results from these two comparison will be calculated. (Lee, 2010) A method to compute these comparisons is representing the images using matrices and then comparing the Eigen values of the matrices. If there is a larger difference in the pair wise comparison then the differentiating power will become significantly higher. The calculation process goes as, two dimensional special coordinates are used for representing digital images. For example, f(x,y) will be of size m x n. at any point (x,y) the value of f(x,y) will be proportional to the brightness of that point in the image. In this process, pixels with more brightness are assigned with higher values and pixels with more darkness are assigned to some lower value. Then one reference image of same size is added to the process. Then the covariance matrix is calculated. The eigenvalues of this matrix is used for extracting shape information from the grey scale distribution from the pair wise comparisons. If the eigenvalue is larger enough then that represents the variance along the major axis of the shape of the pixel distribution. If the eigenvalue is smaller enough then that represents the variance along with the minor axis of the same. A two dimensional mapping is used for representing the distribution. If there is two identical images compared in th e pair wise comparison then the smaller eigenvalue will be near to or equal to zero. (Louban, 2009) Analysis of data At this stage, images of the coating of the objects are processed for generating Eigen values. Again two pairwise comparisons are done. One is about comparing two non-defective images and another is -comparison of one defective image with another non-defective image. All results from these comparisons are obtained. Five attributes are calculated from the results. These five attributes are average, maximum, minimum, variance and standard deviation. Then a scale is developed for categorizing and calculating the Eigen values. Design Approach There are various approaches in automated defect recognition method by using digital image processing. Some of the earlier works were based on mathematical calculations based on matrices, statistical analysis etc. With time digital image processing technologies have advanced and these defect detection algorithms, process, procedures have also advanced. In this work, basic mathematical approach based on Eigen values of the matrices, co-variance etc. have been used. (Lee, 2010), (Mery Rueda, Advances in Image and Video Technology, 2007) There are basically three important parts of the system. First part is a good digital image processing unit that will be able to taking good quality images of the objects. In most of the cases automated defect recognition based on digital image processing procedures are used for bigger civil constructs like bridges, pipelines etc. Thus taking good quality pictures from right angels and distances is necessary. After designing the image processing system, it needs an application that will convert the color images into appropriate greyscale formats. It should be done very carefully by focusing on the range of greyscale representations of the pixels. (Lee, 2010) The application also needs to apply transforming the greyscale images into corresponding matrix forms suitable for further analysis and then calculation of the matrices, Eigen values, co-variances etc. From these calculations, the representations will be compared with two different images from the defect and non-defect groups. The comparison module will find the differences between the pairs. Based on the values found from the comparisons statistical analysis processes will be applied to find more useful information about the defects, levels of defects and possible suggestions like minimum defect, maximum defect, average defect etc. Based on these suggestions, further actions on those damages can be decided. Result and Conclusion In this discussion so far, the focus has been given on automated defect recognition based on digital image processing for the civil constructs like bridges, pipelines etc. in most of the cases damages to these constructs are related to rust, fracture etc. For finding suitable methodology and design approach, literature review of the previous works have been used. There have been significant amount of work on this topic. There are various methodologies and approaches are available from those the one based on matrices, Eigen value and covariance has been selected. This process is particularly helpful for recognizing any rust on the coating of the bridges through image processing activities. The defect recognition method or process has been designed based on pair wise comparison of images and calculation of Eigen values. In the selected approach Eigen values is a key distinguishing feature between a defective image and a non-detective one. (Lee, 2010), (Mery, 2002) The methodology used for detection of rust, is based on three stages, acquisition of images, processing of images and analysis of data found from processing of images. During acquisition of images, images of the object like a bridge, are taken and those are separated into two data sets. The data sets are defective images and non-defective images. In the next stage, processing of those images are carried out. Processing is mainly related to transforming the color images into grey scale images then calculating Eigen values of the image and then comparing the Eigen values for images from each of the pairs. The Eigen values found from the analysis are distributed on some two dimensional distribution map. Five statistical values are then calculated from the distribution and those are categorized into a suitable tabular format. This method is effective for identifying rusts on bridges etc. as described in the paper. But there are some limitations of these methods and approaches. External c haracteristics of an object can be easily and effectively captured by digital image processing methodology. But examination of the internal conditions is not possible using digital image processing. This is more complex when an object is like pipelines etc. internal damages to the pipelines is not possible in this process. So, this method is only acceptable if external condition examination is primary importance. In practice, comprehensive field testing process is needed along with these methodologies. It will enhance validity of the proposed methodology. (Lee, 2010) References Burger, W., Burge, M. J. (2009). Digital Image Processing. Springer . Castleman. (2007). Digital Image Processing. Pearson . Jhne, B. (2005). Digital Image Processing. Springer. Kamel, M., Campilho, A. (2007). Image Analysis and Recognition. Springer . Lee, S. (2010). Automated Defect Recognition Method by Using Digital Image Processing. 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